Monday, May 25, 2020

American Literary Periods

American literature does not easily lend itself to classification by time period. Given the size of the United States and its varied population, there are often several literary movements happening at the same time. However, this hasnt stopped literary scholars from making an attempt. Here are some of the most commonly agreed upon periods of American literature from the colonial period to the present. The Colonial Period (1607–1775) This period encompasses the founding of Jamestown up to a decade before the Revolutionary War. The majority of writings were historical, practical, or religious in nature. Some writers not to miss from this period include Phillis Wheatley, Cotton Mather, William Bradford, Anne Bradstreet, and John Winthrop. The first Slave Narrative, A Narrative of the Uncommon Sufferings, and Surprizing Deliverance of Briton Hammon, a Negro Man, was published during this period, in 1760 Boston. The Revolutionary Age (1765–1790) Beginning a decade before the Revolutionary War and ending about 25 years later, this period includes the writings of Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton. This is arguably the richest period of political writing since classical antiquity. Important works include the â€Å"Declaration of Independence,† The Federalist Papers, and the poetry of Joel Barlow and Philip Freneau. The Early National Period (1775–1828) This era in American literature is responsible for notable first works, such as the first American comedy written for the stage—The Contrast by Royall Tyler, written in 1787—and the first American Novel—The Power of Sympathy by William Hill, written in 1789. Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and Charles Brockden Brown are credited with creating distinctly American fiction, while Edgar Allan Poe and William Cullen Bryant began writing poetry that was markedly different from that of the English tradition. The American Renaissance (1828–1865) Also known as the Romantic Period in America and the Age of Transcendentalism, this period is commonly accepted to be the greatest of American literature. Major writers include Walt Whitman, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, and Herman Melville.  Emerson, Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller are credited with shaping the literature and ideals of many later writers. Other major contributions include the poetry of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and the short stories of Melville, Poe, Hawthorne, and Harriet Beecher Stowe. Additionally, this era is the inauguration point of American literary criticism, lead by Poe, James Russell Lowell, and William Gilmore Simms. The years 1853 and 1859 brought the first novels written by African-American authors, both male and female:  Clotel, by William Wells Brown  and Our Nig, by Harriet E. Wilson. The Realistic Period (1865–1900) As a result of the American Civil War, Reconstruction and the age of industrialism, American ideals and self-awareness changed in profound ways, and American literature responded.  Certain romantic notions of the American Renaissance were replaced by realistic descriptions of American life, such as those represented in the works of William Dean Howells, Henry James, and Mark Twain. This period also gave rise to regional writing, such as the works of Sarah Orne Jewett, Kate Chopin, Bret Harte, Mary Wilkins Freeman, and George W. Cable. In addition to Walt Whitman, another master poet, Emily Dickinson, appeared at this time. The Naturalist Period (1900–1914) This relatively short period is defined by its insistence on recreating life as life really is, even more so than the realists had been doing in the decades before. American Naturalist writers such as Frank Norris, Theodore Dreiser, and Jack London created some of the most powerfully raw novels in American literary history. Their characters are victims who fall prey to their own base instincts and to economic and sociological factors. Edith Wharton wrote some of her most beloved classics, such as The Custom of the Country (1913), Ethan Frome (1911), and The House of Mirth (1905) during this time period. The Modern Period (1914–1939) After the American Renaissance, the Modern Period is the second most influential and artistically rich age of American writing. Its major writers include such powerhouse poets as E.E. Cummings, Robert Frost, Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams, Marianne Moore, Langston Hughes, Carl Sandburg, T.S. Eliot, Wallace Stevens, and Edna St. Vincent Millay. Novelists and other prose writers of the time include Willa Cather, John Dos Passos, Edith Wharton, F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Steinbeck, Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner, Gertrude Stein, Sinclair Lewis, Thomas Wolfe, and Sherwood Anderson. The Modern Period contains within it certain major movements including the Jazz Age, the Harlem Renaissance, and the Lost Generation. Many of these writers were influenced by World War I and the disillusionment that followed, especially the expatriates of the Lost Generation. Furthermore, the Great Depression and the New Deal resulted in some of America’s greatest social issue writing, such as t he novels of Faulkner and Steinbeck, and the drama of Eugene O’Neill. The Beat Generation (1944–1962) Beat writers, such as Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, were devoted to anti-traditional literature, in poetry and prose, and anti-establishment politics. This time period saw a rise in confessional poetry and sexuality in literature, which resulted in legal challenges and debates over censorship in America. William S. Burroughs and Henry Miller are two writers whose works faced censorship challenges. These two greats, along with other writers of the time, also inspired the counterculture movements of the next two decades. The Contemporary Period (1939–Present) After World War II, American literature has become broad and varied in terms of theme, mode, and purpose. Currently, there is little consensus as to how to go about classifying the last 80 years into periods or movements—more time must pass, perhaps, before scholars can make these determinations. That being said, there are a number of important writers since 1939 whose works may already be considered â€Å"classic† and who are likely to become canonized.  Some of these very established names are:  Kurt Vonnegut, Amy Tan, John Updike, Eudora Welty, James Baldwin, Sylvia Plath, Arthur Miller, Toni Morrison, Ralph Ellison, Joan Didion, Thomas Pynchon, Elizabeth Bishop, Tennessee Williams, Philip Roth, Sandra Cisneros, Richard Wright, Tony Kushner, Adrienne Rich, Bernard Malamud, Saul Bellow, Joyce Carol Oates, Thornton Wilder, Alice Walker, Edward Albee, Norman Mailer, John Barth, Maya Angelou, and Robert Penn Warren.

Thursday, May 14, 2020

My Community Service Hours, By Paul Magedson - 992 Words

For my community service hours, I went to the Good Earth Organic Farm in Celeste, TX owned by Paul Magedson. It is a certified organic farm that prides itself on not using â€Å"extensive herbicide and pesticide use[d] by intensive conventional agriculture† (Andreatta 2000 p.40). Paul’s farm grows and sells organic produce such as cucumbers, strawberries, okra, kale, and tomatoes. He also sells grass-fed lamb from his sheep and has chickens. To complete my hours, I went on two trips to the farm with two of my classmates. Our first task was to pick okra and I instantly realized why farmers are known to have tough hands as I quickly developed two large blisters. After picking the okra we weeded the tomato garden. Once we were done weeding, Paul served us lunch of a fruit smoothie and kale salad. During lunch, we all sat on his porch and discussed how Paul started farming and his views on industrialized food. Paul began farming because of his ex-wife. However, because of his divorce he lost half his land and I think this makes him regret starting farming since it requires a lot of work. Even though he may regret farming now it was evident that he does have a passion for growing organic food since he believes that eating highly chemical foods is what is causing cancer. On the second trip, we began our day picking weeds in his strawberry garden. After this we began unraveling rope to secure the stakes in the tomato garden. This was a difficult task as a lot of the rope keptShow MoreRelatedMy Community Service Hours, By Paul Magedson1143 Words   |  5 PagesFor my community service hours, I went to the Good Earth Organic Farm in Celeste, TX owned by Paul Magedson. It is a certified organic farm that prides itself on not using â€Å"extensive herbicide and pesticide use[d] by intensive conventional agriculture† (Andreatta 2000 p.40). Paul’s farm grows and sells organic produce such as cucumbers, strawberries, okra, kale, and tomatoes. He sells grass-fed lamb from the sheep has raises on his farm and he also has chickens. To complete my hours, I went on

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Essay The Cultural Dilemma of Native Americans - 691 Words

| The Cultural Dilemma of Native Americans | | | The Cultural Dilemma of Native Americans In this painting by George Catlin titled â€Å"Assinneboine Chief before and after Civilization† it shows a very proud Assinneboine Chief standing straight and proud. His clothing expresses his Indian culture as he is dressed in leggings and shirt made of mountain goat skin, and finished with a pictured robe of buffalo hide over his right shoulder. Moccasins covered his feet and his tribal headdress decorated his head allowing his long hair to blend with the feathers of his headdress. In his left hand is his long pipe which he would smoke with those with whom he would want to make peace. The background which is painted in a lighter hue then†¦show more content†¦Maybe the artist was trying to show that the Chief was more interested in material items now rather than his family or his tribe? The painting illustrates the artist’s rendering of what happened to Chief Wi-jà ºn-jon when integrated into the white culture following a trip to Washington, DC in 1832. On this returning side you see no Indian heritage, it has been destroyed by civilization. The painting is a great view through the artist’s eyes and mind as to how he felt about the change which occurred with the Chief during his time. George Catlin truly honored and respected the Indians that he captured so elegantly in his paintings and I believe he felt saddened when Chief Wi-jà ºn-jon returned to his native people looking and acting liking a white person. Mr. Catlin was there when the Chief returned to his native people and witnessed firsthand their unwillingness of them to accept his appearance as well as their slow acknowledgment in recognizing who they saw before them. The Chief must have been excited to share with his people all that he learned in the stylish world of their equals and was probably saddened by their initial responses. As he began to share his stories of occurrences that he encountered on his tour he was scorned and foreseen as a liar because his people could not imagine or comprehend what he had seen and lived. (Catlin) Catlins message that he isShow MoreRelatedArguement Analysis on Cultural Appropriation597 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Perhaps the most intangible aspect of Native peoples’ existence is compromised within [tribal] stories† (Tsosie 302). In society today we are seeing the growth of other cultures being incorporated into the fashions trends, movies, and in commercial use. The term, â€Å"cultural appropriation†, comes into use when discussing the problems Native Americans face in society today. It is defined as â€Å"the taking- from a culture that is not one’s own-of intellectual property, cultural expressions or artifacts, historyRead MoreThe novel aims at projecting the ethical aspect of Indian immigrants in Jhumpa Lahiri’s debut novel700 Words   |  3 Pagessociety they have cross-cultural experiences. This helps them to reconcile between their inherited and acquired selves for consolation. The immigrant Indians in a dilemma romanticise the daz zles of American civilization and retain their faith in tradition, custom, culture, history, myth, legend and folklore for emotional satisfaction. 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A primary goal of a multicultural educator is to assist students in becoming more knowledgeable and respectful of the many different cultures and people that they will interact with in the classroom and society at large. This can be a huge task for a teacher, given the multitude of non-native speakers entering the school system each year. Teachers and schools can do their part to support these non-native speakers in the classroom by: †¢ EncouragingRead MoreGrief Programs: Native Americans and Death1722 Words   |  7 PagesGrief Programs: Native Americans and Death Lisa Shewmaker University of the Rockies Abstract This paper will look at existing organizations and programs that provide parent home visits for infant and child loss in culturally diverse populated areas in the United States. These programs generally do not encompass grief recovery for the Native American community. As social workers and providers of these services, it is important to understand this cultural group, know their rituals and beliefs surroundingRead MoreObjectivity and Fieldwork Essay1118 Words   |  5 Pagesimposes cultural traditions and policies that the researcher may have never been imposed to in the past. These types of works or studies that ethnographers conduct are called fieldworks; and they help researchers learn the ways and customs of a certain group or kin outside a society. The researcher’s method of fully understanding the culture of the group of individuals they study is by integrating into their assemblage or in other words living amid them for approximately two years. Cultural Anthropologist Read MoreDiversity in American Culture and Civilization1759 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Diversity in American Cultures Background Historically there is no civilization or American culture. In the territory of todays America before the Spanish conquest, there were culturally heterogeneous societies, in broad regional shared, throughout its history and with a variable duration, the influence of common civilizational horizons. Introduction The extraordinary cultural diversity inherited from the original American cultures and of the Spain of the three great religions joinedRead MoreNative Americans During The Colonization1473 Words   |  6 PagesNative Americans during 1785-1829 were affected by western expansion because of the removal of Native Americans from the land, white settlers attempting to assimilate Native Americans to their culture, and were involved in battles between the a Native Americans and white setters which led to the depleting number of Native Americans. Distorted perspectives of european settlers led them to view Native Americans as â€Å"uncivilized savages.†As the Renaissance reached its ending term Europeans saw theirRead MorePuritan Beliefs And Mary Rowlandson1707 Words   |  7 PagesRowlandson†. The beliefs are depicted in her eleven weeks of captivity after being captured by the Wampanoag tribesmen. After her house was burned during a raid by local Indians. Rowlandson’s friends and family members were killed or captured by Native American in the 1676. Rowlandson and her baby were wounded, capture and forced to walk for days after the raid and Rowlandson had to watch her own child wither away and die due a lack food and medical care. During Rowlandson’s captivity with the IndiansRead More Christopher Columbus Essay808 Words   |  4 Pagesquality considered necessary for Columbus to command his expedition was a secure code of moral principles, while also being conscious of various cultural and individual differences. This was apparent in his dealings with the Native Americans that he encountered when arriving in the New World. The most productive way for a leader to deal with an ethical dilemma is to constantly scrutinize their own feelings and thoughts and to exercise negotiation skills with those who abide by differing values. To practice

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Sociology World Health Organization

Question: Discuss about the Sociologyfor World Health Organization. Answer: Social Theoris and medical model on health and Illness with Social Determinants Effecting them As per the view of World Health Organization, "health has been defined as a absolute physical, mental and social happiness and not simply the nonappearance of illness and ill-health". Illness was on the other hand would be regarded as poor health ensuing from sickness of body or mind, sickness or an ailment (W.H.O, 2014). Such meanings lay emphasis on the significance of being more than a free from ant disease, and recognizes that a healthy body relies upon a healthy surrounding and a stable mind. Medicine was regarded as the communal institution that diagnoses, treats and avoids such diseases. So, in order to achieve these tasks, medicine relies upon most of the other sciences such as physics, chemistry, etc. Though, Preventive medicine was a more current approach to medicine, which lay emphasis on the heath behaviors that would prevent disease, such as eating a healthier diet, attaining sufficient exercise and insuring a secured surrounding (Health Knowledge, 2011). On such subjects, Sociology makes an assumption that a working community relies upon healthy individuals and upon calculating the amount of ill health. But in investigating the communal builds of health and illness. But a sociologist Talcott Parsons recognized what was defined as the sick role, or the communal meaning of, the actions of, and the action toward those whom community defines as ill. He identified 4 constituents with regard to the sick role (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016). The sick individual would be regarded as the one who was: Not apprehended accountable for being ill. Not accountable for usual obligations. Not believed to like the function. Believed to look for assistance to get out of the function. So, the community permits those who accomplish these criterions in order to presume the sick function, but community misplaces understanding for and rejects the function to those who emerge to like it or those who do not look for conduct. In other matters, family and friends may confirm sympathy for a while, but may be unable to find endurance with the sufferer party and presume that he or she was looking for attention or was a hypochondriac. Although a number of people may believe that science alone conclude illness, this sociological view points out that community concludes sickness as well. Therefore, it has been stated that Sociology has been defined as a subject which was used in following an objective technical approach which was adopted in order to answer the questions and tries to explain the specific sets of rules. Also it was theory based. As a sole amalgamated sociological perception relating to the nature of societal reality does not subsists. As, in this deference sociology was not unusual like any other academic restraint, in regard to all the clinches which were challenging outlook. The chief long-lasting epistemological division states that it subsists within sociological theory as it was there among those sociologists who dispute that community could be studied in an objective manner by way of recognizing and groping the structures of community, and those who dispute for an interpretative scheme in regard to social phenomena which was more centered on communal actors. Structuralist theories often be disposed to centre on the macro level while subjectivist theories tend to centre on the micro level of communication. Sociology brings about two different phenomenons of different levels in relation to the study of health and illness such as: At one level it attempts to build sense of sickness, by pertaining sociological perceptions both to do a study of the understanding of illness, and to the shared constitution of fitness and sickness. At this level, sociology makes a significant giving to multi-disciplinary investigation into the problems of their wellbeing to people and other psychological experts, the growth of psychological policy. At a second level, sociological investigation could open gates to a thoughtfulness of the effect of broader societal procedures upon the fitness of people and communal communities (World Health Organization, 2010). In regard to health there has been certain social determinant which may be present such as Material situations like Living and working, circumstances, Food Availability, etc., Behaviors and Biological issues, psychosocial issues, etc. At the same time Gender biasness as been regarded s a social determinant which contributes to the heaths and illness of an individual (Davis, Birks Chapman 2015). As per the perspective of the sociological way, Parsons sick role model has been defined as a significant theory, which discloses evidently that how an ill individual would be regarded as an internal part of a society. There was though numerous numbers of flaws that have been unruffled against it. Though it has been disputed that the sick role was incapable to imprison the knowledge of sickness, and that it could not be useful worldwide. The sick function does not work for individuals who have experienced with long-lasting ailment and indications for years, and have been misdiagnosed constantly. The authenticity of health and illness were therefore regarded as more multifaceted than the sick role implies. The sick role was constructive in accepting acute sickness, but it was less constructive in the matter of chronic disease (Conrad, 2008). Marxism on the other hand, was regarded as a structural theory that educations sociology as a whole. Marxists were serious of capitalist communities which they observed as a community of two sections. The first constituent of community was the monetary foundation. The second constituent was the structure, which comprises of chief activities of societal governor such as education, remedy and faith (Weitz, 2013). Marxists theory was so related to be alarmed with the manner in which the overriding monetary structure of community establishes discrimination and power, as well as shaping the dealings upon which the main social organizations were made. Medicine though was regarded as a social institution, and in entrepreneurial communities, it was fashioned by the entrepreneurial wellbeing (Holman Borgstrom, 2015). Marxist asserts that health issues which were intimately joined to detrimental and demanding work surroundings. Rather than observing health issues as the consequence of personal weakness, they should be observed in relation of the uneven societal structure and class drawback that were duplicated under entrepreneurship. Patterns of humanity and morbidity were intimately connected to occupation particularly in the matter of the manufacturing working class. Critics have established that flaws in the views of Marxist, as it centers more on its insufficiency than its practice of placing medication resolutely within entrepreneurship. The opponents recognize they should give more courtesy to the changing nature of the medicinal procedures, the knowledge of sickness and the condition of being a sufferer party (Conrad Barker, 2010). Although, it has been stated that 'Doing health sociology' creates a connection theory to put into practice as well as emphasizes sociological investigation and theories for notifying health care practice, health policy, and to find out that what amounts to the origin of the concept of health and illness (Germov, 1998). Though there have been different theories in regard to mental illness such as social building and social realism. Social realism has been a word utilized to define the advances of researchers who, accept that there were a characteristic set of unusual act, which cause suffering to people and to those around them. These forms of unusual act were differentiated as psychological ailment. Communal construction has been very powerful in sociological advancements to psychological fitness, and initiate from the disagreement that what was recognized standard varies, over time and from community to community. Labelling theory respites decisively upon a communal contructionist meaning of mental health. It has been stated that those individuals who develop a pain, or who avert other from doing approximately which they want to do, were far more probable to be measured as being spiritually sick, than those who pretense no risk, may be overlooked. Though, the labelling perception on mental illness has not gone unconcealed (Sartorius, 2007). Structuralist perceptions on mental health were personally joined to the societal realist meaning of psychological ellbeing. These advances accept the authenticity of psychological wellbeing and outlines the point to determine what issues in community might source ailment. There was clear proof of psychological wellbeing divergences among communal groups. So, it has been stated that psychological ailment has been there meanwhile the commencement of time. There were a numerous kinds of psychological ailment and they differ in cruelty and extent. There were also a lot more societal influences over the very meaning of the condition and to the explanation of the divergences which prevails in mental sickness within a community. Although, these theories may be defined to be different from the medical model as the biomedical model has been regarded as the maximum leading theory in Contemporary Western medication of fitness and sickness which was apprehended by a number of lawful health experts such as doctors, guides, who has categorized the 'biomedical line ideal. This ideal assumes that sickness would always be due to irregularities in the working of figure. As it was the foundation of up-to-date Western medical exercise. It plants on the concept that if a section of the physique verves erroneous it should be predetermined or restored, in the similar manner that a mechanism would be fixed (National Institute of Mental Health, 2005). It was a reductionist observance of sickness which means that it proceeds the modest probable reason of the sickness and be relevant to the pretentious therapy. Nothing like other ideals and theories such as the community ideal and theories which were defined above it could be stated that it gazes to other issues and centers on them, like philosophy, and societal phases. The model of medical science was regarded to be utilized in order to bring down numerous untimely humanity killings. It was a model where people observed at the sections of the figure that might do something jointly to assure that people have decent wellbeing. So, it has could be concluded that the model of medical science centers on the real individual, rather than the communal and emotional procedures of the people. The aim of this model unlike social theories was to identify individuals who were at risk from a disease and focuses on what treatment could be provided rather than the granting them prevention. References Conrad, P Barker, K. (2010). The Social Construction of Illness: Key Insights and Policy Implications. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 51:6779. Conrad, P. (2008). The medicalization of society: On the transformation of human conditions into treatable disorders. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press). Davis, J. Birks, M. Chapman, Y.B. (2015).Inclusive Practice for Health Professionals. (Australia: Oxford University Press). Germov, J. (1998). Second Opinion: An Introduction to Health Sociology. (5th ed.) (New Zealand : Oxford University Press) Health Knowledge. (2011). Section 1. The Sociological Perspective. Retrieved on 9th March 2017 from: https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/medical-sociology-policy-economics/4a-concepts-health-illness/section1 Holman, D. Borgstrom, E. (2015). Applying Social Theory to understand Health- Related Behaviours. Medical Humanities. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. (2016). Sociological Perspective on Health. Retrieved on 9th March 2017 from: https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/sociology/health-and-medicine/sociological-perspective-on-health National Institute of Mental Health. (2005). National Institute of Mental Health Statistics. Retrieved on 9th March 2017 from: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/statistics/index.shtml Sartorius, N. (2007). Stigmatized Illness and Health Care. The Croatian Medical Journal, 48(3):396397. W.H.O. (2014). What Is the WHO Definition of Health?(Frequently Asked Questions) World Health Organization. Retrieved on 9th March 2017 from: https://www.who.int/suggestions/faq/en/ Weitz, R. (2013). The sociology of health, illness, and health care: A critical approach (6th ed.). (Thousand Oaks, CA: Wadsworth). World Health Organization. (2010). A Conceptual Framework for Action on the Social Determinants of Health. Retrieved on 9th March 2017 from: https://www.who.int/sdhconference/resources/ConceptualframeworkforactiononSDH_eng.pdf