Outcome Blank

Which song you would like today ? 2. Identify regulatory requirements what underpin a positive environment for children and young people. In my setting we working with different activities such as: We had two activities for mothers Samba and Yoga class every Wednesday besides Cryache services. The cryache works with the child in two session: In the morning when the child arrive we do activities to be play and snack time, in the afternoon the child to learning Speech and Language assessment and remedial help, this activity we works with children +2 years old.Also we art therapy, dance and movement therapy, chronological therapy, safe space to families when mothers receive information about abuse or domestic violence. These activities we use regulatory' ECMA and EYES with the children, in the other hand, the safe space in my setting work with CAR-SACS regulatory. Outcome 2 – Be able to support a positive environment that meets the individual needs of children and young people. A ssessment Criteria 1 Meet and greet children and young people in a way that welcomes them onto the work setting.When the child arrive at centre one person open the door for him with your parent, then this person give welcome, ask open question, then when the parent living in the child, we star sing welcome song with the children where every child learning the names together. 2 Provide opportunities for children and young people to engage in activities of choice. In my setting we have AnD Space, when we offering therapeutic help for school children aged 4 to 13 years through, the use of art therapy and drama therapy. O Individual sessions Small group work 3 Provide activities and resources to meet the individual needs or children and young people.

Evaluation of Teaching and Learning Approaches Essay

Different teaching and learning approaches were used during the session according to the requirement of the activities. * For health and safety induction: Q&A, writing (Task sheet) and lecture methods (more information was given) were used. * Effectiveness of the teaching and learning approaches: Learners participate in this activity fully and effectively. They told me what they already know and what they don’t know yet. By this activity they got more information about fire exits, reception, lady toilets, coffee and the student support centre in the All Saints building of Worcester College where this session was held. No hazards were found in the class room. * Steps for further improvement: I believe that teaching profession always has chance of improvement and betterment. In 30mins microteaching session, health and safety concerns can be limited to hazards in class and fire exits. * For Ice breaking activity: Q&A (Discussion) and handouts (Writing) methods were used. * Effect iveness of the methods or approaches: Learners were stress free and happy to share the information about the breakfast they had in that morning. Learners also decided who had healthiest breakfast regarding highest calories and nutrition. * Steps that can be taken for further improvement: The question for ice breaking activity can make better in the sense that it can be more clearly related to the topic of the session. * The teaching and learning approaches for introduction, explanation and calculation of the area: PowerPoint, White board, handouts and Q&A (Discussion) methods were used. * Effectiveness of the approaches: For introduction of the topic, PowerPoint was used which was very effective because learners’ response was very positive about it. Learners found it very interesting, helpful to understand the topic and they learned more about its implications in ordinary life. * Steps for further improvement: One more video could play to explain more the topic in better way. Visual learning aids left their effects for long time. More PowerPoint clips can be used to make session more interesting and more informative. * The teaching and learning approaches for learn by practice: Learners were given work sheet to do the practice of what they learnt and to find the area where they have problems and what they have need to learn more? * Effectiveness of the approach: Learners took this activity seriously. They tried best to answers all the questions. One learner asked the questions where she found difficult to calculate the area. At the result of this activity, the learners’ confidence increased and they found their selves better in calculations of area. * Steps for further improvement: Some more questions can be added in work sheet for more practice to calculate the area of square, rectangle and triangle. More learning aids like boxes of square, rectangle and triangle shape can be used. * The teaching and learning approaches for review of the session: Q&A and task sheet (review handout forms) used to review the session. * Effectiveness of the approaches: To review the session by Q&A and by using task sheet was very positive to point out the areas of teaching and learning which can be made better, especially learning material can be made better. In 30mins session the teaching and learning process can be made more effective by making the learning material limited to â€Å"Calculation of the area of square and rectangle†. * Evaluation of the session in regard of individual learners’ need. In my session no learner had individual needs. So there was no need to make any special arrangements to hold the session. Word count: 605

How does Stevenson explore the duality of human nature in the strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde? Essay

Stevenson had a very strict upbringing from the start. In fact I would go to say he was over smothered with ideas and eventually came to hate hypocrisy and rebelled. Since he had just liberated himself from his Calvinistic teachings I assume it was then he debated with the idea of good and evil in everyone. Therefore then creating the idea of duality in human nature. It was then a story was born. Many issues are raised by Robert Louis Stevenson’s â€Å"The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde† and at the time of 1885 these issues were impossible and scandalous. One of the particular issues that Stevenson uncovered was the idea that there are two sides to everyone and that these sides could be separated, good and evil. As well as this Stevenson’s novella explores how both of these sides are contained within a person. This book was written around the time of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution and story fits perfectly with his theory. For example, Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde are two different steps in evolution. Dr Jekyll is â€Å"the very pink of proprieties, celebrated too. † And Hyde is â€Å"ape like†. Darwin’s theory basically was set to prove that people are descended from a similar species to apes. It would seem that these two sides are together in one body but still one is lost or even hidden. Stevenson’s shocking novella heightened a drama amongst Victorian upper middle class citizens because this idea was a difficult one for them to grasp. However as time went on this idea became less uncommon, for example; in 1954 ‘Lord of the Flies’ by William Golding was published. Golding believed that if people were left stranded without democracy and order, there sense of humanity and morals would disintegrate, therefore allowing primitive and even animalistic instincts to creep through. Dr Jekyll is the perfect character to help expose this duality of human nature; he also helps the reader to expose Stevenson’s own curiosity on the subject. Jekyll’s hunger to prove that you can effectively ‘split’ the good from the evil led to him creating an evil alter ego: Mr Hyde. Stevenson also shows in his novella that if you over endugle the evil side of a personality it mentally, emotionally and especially in this book, even physically can take over. For example through his transformations, the evil Mr Hyde becomes continuously stronger and subjugation of the good still present in Dr Jekyll begins. Dr Jekyll is constantly tempted by Hyde, because he can completely disconnect himself from the evil and therefore has no attachment or guilt, â€Å"†¦spring headlong into the sea of liberty†. As Mr Hyde; Jekyll feels he can finally be free. I believe the reason Hyde becomes so strong is because for most of Dr Jekyll’s life he suppressed the evil for too long. Unlike Mr Enfield who is a â€Å"well known man about town,† he often gave into evil urges in short and harmless bursts behind closed doors. However like in any good novella the idea of good triumphing over evil comes into part, when Jekyll puts an end to his life and therefore Hyde’s too. However you still have to ponder if good actually did win because there was still evil committed and that is all Mr Hyde wanted to achieve. Stevenson was very clever in the naming of the character: Hyde, this was obviously linked to the word ‘hide’ and how in the Victorian era evil was very often ‘hidden’ away from prying eyes. Therefore this is why when anyone reading the novella would have been appalled upon reaching the end to find that Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde were in fact the same person. As well as Hyde adding secrecy and anticipation to the novella he creates the idea of the shocking, and maybe even sickening the reader. He is the pure image of human evil, filled with violence, discourtesy and self-importance. It was not only his actions that sickened people, if was his appearance. In fact Mr Hyde was often described as ‘deformed’, and perhaps that is what evil is: a deformation from the good in all of us. Instantly people could feel a dislike to him, one gentleman in the novel quoted this: â€Å"I had taken a loathing to my gentleman at first sight†¦ the desire to kill him.† For someone so respectable in society to even consider killing a man portrays the utter horror everyone felt towards Hyde’s appearance. The word ‘loathing’ expresses an extreme extent of hatred and the fact that a person felt that for Mr Hyde upon looking at him is tragic. But then this links back to him being deformed, in fact it is even stated that Mr Hyde donates a â€Å"strong feeling of deformity† in fact many harsh comments are made over Hyde, he is illustrated as â€Å"hardly human†, â€Å"pale and dwarfish† and even referred to as a devil, â€Å"if I ever read Satan’s signature upon a face†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and there are many more horrific descriptions of Hyde, but at the same Jekyll enjoys having him, he enjoys having a vicarious existence. Eventually everything takes a turn for the worst and Dr Jekyll learns that something has to change, Jekyll realises this when Hyde’s evil becomes strong enough to commit â€Å"a crime of singular ferocity†, Hyde was so evil he was capable of murder. â€Å"And then all of a sudden he broke out in a great flame of anger, stamping with his foot, brandishing the cane, and carrying on (as the maid described it) like a madman.† ‘Madman’ is the word that strikes me first and puts a clear image in my head of not just the Scrooge like character from before but now a man of pure sin and hatred. The words like ‘brandishing’ and ‘stamping’ exposes the madness and brutality of Hyde. You are also revealed to his short temper from the phrase ‘all of a sudden’ which portrays the fact that the murder was probably unprovoked. His murder of Mr Carew was in no way calculated or even intelligent, it was just pure, unstructured evil. The novella is not only consisting of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. There are other characters; these characters are almost used as tools to further endorse Stevenson’s point about human nature and the duality within it. One of these characters as a mentioned earlier is Mr Enfield. He is a man of status, a man of grace and decorum and he also comes across as an approachable person. Another character is Mr Utterson; he is a very good example of a double sided character. â€Å"Cold, scanty and embarrassed in discourse; backward in sentiment, lean, long, dusty, dreary and yet somehow loveable.† He is first described with very negative adjectives, for example: ‘cold’, but then by twisting it to ‘loveable’ shows the two different sides to his character. Smaller characters are just as interesting as the more mentionable ones, for example: Hyde’s maid. She is described as â€Å"†¦evil face smoothed by hypocrisy but her manners were excellent.â⠂¬  You clearly notice the word evil, which creates a harsh impression of her right from the start. However by the end of the sentence you begin to understand that she is full of poise and good manners, which is normally the first thing you notice in a person, not how evil they look. But Stevenson once again does things differently and makes the idea of evil the most important thing in the sentence. Another good example of a double sided character is the officer. The fact that his â€Å"eye lighted up with professional ambition† shows a very childish attitude of being selfish and only hoping for personal gain. Stevenson is very clever because he demonstrates that every character has a dominant side, but it is sometimes not evident. Characters are not the only tool that Stevenson uses to explore deeper into the duality of human nature. For example, London itself is described as a place of two halves. Good and evil, light and dark and in fact how those things blend into each other. Soho is one of the evil parts of London, and where Hyde lives when he is not Dr Jekyll. This area is often described as in the typical horror clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, with darkness and fog. â€Å"†¦some city in a nightmare.† The city is referred to as a ‘nightmare’, which shows how shielded the life of an upper class Victorian was and how they would never venture into the ‘darker’ side of society but sometimes darkness has to be faced to overcome it. Throughout the novella the fog and darkness is used, effectively to hide the secrets. Not only the environment is used but even Jekyll’s home shows the duality, there is the front door, which the respectable Dr Jekyll uses. However as well as this there is a back door, which Mr Hyde often skulks through and stays in the laboratory, a little like Frankenstein’s laboratory, which is yet another horror clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. The back door is also hidden to the public eye and is one that is chosen to be ignored, like the ways the Victorians dismiss anything that could disrupt a reputation or status. To begin with Jekyll is not overcome with doubt or guilt or even much emotion, no matter how atrocious. He distances himself and pretends that nothing is wrong, much like in ‘Lord of the Flies’ when Ralph and Piggy refuse to take responsibility for their part Simon’s death. But as time goes on Dr Jekyll begins to realise the horror of what is going and on, as well as becoming weaker, while Hyde becomes stronger and somehow it still takes a while for Jekyll to try and let Hyde go. This poses the question; did Jekyll have a deeper more devious yearning for Hyde other than scientific truth? Dr Jekyll admits to in his ‘final confession’ which is the last chapter in the book. The message is clear and could be depicted by anyone; therefore this would have been shocking to a Victorian. Everyone does have the potential to be good or evil. But it is up to a person what is done with evil in us all, however the extremes of a personality may not be as bold as in this novella. The story does make you think, if anyone is capable of evil, what am I capable of? If my life is a constant battle between the good and evil in me, then how do I know if I myself have the strength to conquer the evil within? And I think it is these questions that Stevenson wanted people to ponder.

Mexico Versus venezuela research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Mexico Versus venezuela research paper - Essay Example Another economical problem is that most of the country’s commercial bank assets are by the financial institutions of the U.S. This shows that Mexico is solely dependent on their neighbors in the top. If the economy of U.S were to collapse then, Mexico is to experience a big economical problem of their history. Another big problem facing the economy of Mexico is the big existence of drug cartels in the country. Mexico has a reputation of being the hub of drug lords to the likes of Pablo Escobar, who controlled most of the Mexico. These drugs end up ruining the youth of the country hence not being able to discharge their duties bringing a stalemate to the economy. Drug cartels bring violence to the country hence discouraging investment from foreigners in the country. In addition, these drugs bring about money laundering and this as well becoming perilous for the economy of Mexico (Krugman, 25). However, the best economic policy to this issue is by surely investing in education, infrastructure, telecommunications, energy and agriculture. It is to protect the poorest if the U.S economy starts to slow down. The government has to come with a better way of taxing informal commerce with the financial system in order for a business to pay for public investment. Mexico should try to collaborate with other countries and stop solely depending on U.S. Venezuela is the preferred country of choice. It is that Venezuela is very conscious when it comes to environmental conservation since its most territory is dedicated to the national parks and reserves. (Soto, 47). Big airlines like Air France, British, Lufthansa, Alitalia, and Iberia all serve Venezuela hence being a good economic fare. Economic freedom score of Venezuela is at 36.3 Venezuela is also a big player in the petroleum industry. This gives it a major economic boost. The country is also the most urbanized in whole of South America (Middlebrook 98). Despite

Technology with Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Technology with Business - Essay Example It is used to automate the payroll functions. As a result of this automation, Microcel has been able to reduce the level of paperwork to a substantial level. Another module is attendance which in combination with biometrics automatically tracks employee attendance records. These software modules are tested in-house and therefore the HR processes which are standardized are automated. This saves a considerable level of costs. The company operates in a highly competitive industry and the use of cost-saving technology enables it to develop a competitive advantage. Technology in sales and marketing Because the software development industry is characterized by high competition, Microcel must attempt to provide solutions which deliver a high level of value. By employing information technology, the company improves operational efficiency and therefore is able to provide great customer service. According to the sales manager, the implementation of information technology enables his sales forc e to stay in constant touch with the customers, thus creating an efficient communications system. Because the company is in the business of providing IT services, it has the infrastructure which can incorporate the latest IT technology. This also serves as a unique selling proposition. The clients can see the software technology function at Microcel and thus make their purchase decisions. Therefore the use of IT enables Microcel not only to improve the efficiency of operational processes within the company but also to demonstrate the products to the clients. In this manner the software products not only generate revenue but also save costs. As mentioned before, the company operates in a competitive industry. There are quite a number of other companies which are developing human resource software. Other companies such as Trinet and Administaff are also developing human resource software. Therefore Microcel has to develop the best products in the industry so that it can continue to wi n market share away from other competitors. Because competitors like Trinet and Administaff are already well entrenched in the market, it may not be possible for a smaller company like Microcel to compete with them. Therefore the strategic focus of the company has been to focus upon those segments of the market which have not been using software products up to this time. These smaller companies do not have the resources to make massive cash outlays for purchasing software products. For this reason Microcel has focused upon minimizing product development costs. This allows the company to offer products at a relatively lower cost, thus making them affordable to the smaller companies which have not considered installing human resource information systems. Technology in human resource management At Microcel , the employees are considered to be the most important assets. Therefore the management focuses upon maintaining a motivated work force. Since the company operates in a competitive environment, it has to create a sustainable competitive advantage. According to Porter’s framework for competitive strategies, a company can implement the strategies of cost minimization, differentiation and focus to create a competitive advantage. However the competing organizations can also implement these same strategies and therefore none of the companies has a competitive edge any longer. On the other hand, if the organizational culture serves as the source of the competitive edge, then it becomes sustainable

Code of Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Code of Ethics - Research Paper Example The issues have always been whether to disclose such information and to whom. For instance, is it proper to place critical loggers on devices on the network to capture all that the user types? Or say so as to see all that is shown screen capture programs those are some of privacy ethical issues that have been of concern. The other ethical issue has been promising more than they can deliver or even taking advantage of client’s ignorance to charge more fees through data manipulation. Today, IT organization can install technology to make client’s network more secure but not very secure in reality. Yet there has been the dilemma of whether to replace the present firewall just to have more billable hours. Some firms promising more than they can actually achieve to gain reputation. The final loyalty has been connected to loyalty. IT organizations with contacts for multiple clients have ethical issues to deal with. For example, should they obtain information about one of their clients that can directly affect the other client, where should their loyalty

The impact of changes in political leadership on the foreign policies Essay

The impact of changes in political leadership on the foreign policies of the People's Republic of China - Essay Example This study will begin with the statement that China is one of the most rapidly developing countries in the world. Many people believe that China may become a superpower in near future itself and the supremacy of America in global political and economic matters will be ended shortly. Even though communism is prevailing in China for the last few decades, it doesn’t mean that China’s internal and external policies undergone no changes. Some of the communist leaders in the past were adamant in implementing communist policies whereas modern political leaderships seems to be adopting more liberal approaches in implementing communist policies in China. Deng Xiao Ping is considered as the father of modern China. Even though Mao was one of the most charismatic leaders of China, his economic and political policies were strictly in line with communist principles. He never tried to dilute communist principles even for the betterment of China. However, the leadership followed by Mao was not so, especially Deng Xiao Ping. Deng succeeded in putting strong bases to China’s economic growth without sacrificing many of the communist principles. The leaders succeeded by Deng were also followed the same path of Deng and currently China is one of the most prosperous countries in the world. Interpreting China’s foreign policy is an important key to understand the tides of global affairs in 1990’s, not only because China, with the world’s largest population wields demographic and economic clouts, but also it arguably the most dynamic country in the second half of twentieth century. (Zhao, 1996, p.4). As a key player in global economic and political spectrum at present, China’s foreign policies are studied with curiosity by political analysts. This paper analyses the impact of changes in political leadership on the foreign policies of the People's Republic of China. Political leadership and China’s foreign policies Sun Yat Sen era Sun Yat Sen is often referred as the father of China. He assumed power immediately after the destruction of Qing dynasty, but forced to resign in 1912 because of his differences with the Nationalist party and the government. But he was successful assuming power again in 1923. He was a visionary leader who worked hard for China’s economic progress. â€Å"Sun summarized his policies in the Three Principles of the People--nationalism, democracy, and socialism† (Chinese Cultural Studies). He was a great admirer of Soviet Union and was keen in keeping stronger ties with Soviet Union. He tried hard to implant a Soviet model of economic growth in China. He was a liberal leader and was not much adamant in implementing communist principles. In fact he had respect towards democracy. After the death of Sun Yat Sen in 1925, Chiang Kai Shek assumed power and continued the good work of Sun Yat Sen. Chiang Kai Shek Era Chiang Kai Shek was the leader of China till the Chinese Cultura l Revolution in 1949.he was successful in keeping China away from the two World Wars. He was keen in keeping good relations with Western countries such as America and Britain. He was a strong critic of communism and did everything possible to avoid the growth of communism in Chinese soil. However, October revolution in 1949, forced Chiang Kai Shek to accept defeat and hand over the power to communist leader Mao Zedong. Mao era Even though, Mao was responsible for the Cultural Revolution in China, his contributions to China’s economic progress were limited. He was a leader who strictly followed communist principles in all internal and external matters. â€Å"Mao followed an aggressive foreign policy towards China’s neighboring countries† (Hongyi, 2010, p.17). It should be noted that China attacked India during Mao era. At sunrise on October 20, 1962, China's People's Liberation Army invaded India with overwhelming force on two separate flanks - in the west in Lad akh, and in the east across the McMahon Line in the then North-East Frontier Agency. The

Design consideration - Bryant Park ( Design for the crowd) Research Paper

Design consideration - Bryant Park ( Design for the crowd) - Research Paper Example Today it is one of the largest occupied urban parks in the world. The development of Bryant Park is traced back from 1970s. In the early 70s, the park had turned out to be a haven for drug dealers who transacted their business confidently. The prostitutes, idlers and the homeless also had taken their share in the park. The park was by then considered a ‘no-go zone area’ by normal citizens. Sparked iron fence surrounded the park while the dense shrubbery blocked the view from outside, making the inside hazardous. Whyte suggested some ideas that have led to the development of the park to make it friendlier. The fence was demolished and the shrubbery cleared. This was then followed by the establishment of impressive and welcoming entrances. The insides of the park underwent some serious renovation that saw numerous sitting places, tables and cafes installed (Halle, 2003). This was done by the parks support group called the Parks council. The council brought new life to the park, and their effort continued in the succeeding years. Groups like the Bryant parks restoration Council came in to help improve on the condition of the park. The Bryant ark restoration council later opened up the park to the street and encouraged different activities to take part in the park Landscape architectural advisor Laurie Olin also played a major role in helping rehabilitate the park. This person brought in the idea of adding more seats in the park, increasing the access points, lawns and flower beds, expanding the library`s central book stack underneath the Great awn and more so - the restoration of the Bryant statue and the fountains. Wrangles arose amongst the people about the ownership of the park and if Bryant Park could accommodate all the activities and in addition serve as a place of leisure. The park design was maintained, but the park underwent some petitioning that suited it as a whole. Different activities were located at different places (Carr, 1993). The ren ovation of the park made it enjoy bumper harvest in terms of economic success. Bryant Park today is one of the signature places in New York City. With limited cases of crime, the park is for the workers on sunny weekdays, visitors overflow during the weekend and revel also come to spend their time in the park during the holidays. The park records a large number of people that spend their time in the park daily. The social amenities found in the park have become popular to people thus promoting the businesses that are carried on in the park. District co-operates help run the park, and this means that it has become attractive to white collar job oriented people. The park has launched a free wireless network, and this has made it one of the best parks in the world at the moment. The lawn in the park provides excellent scenery to people enjoying themselves there. The lawn offers tall grass in the Manhattan south of the central park. It serves as launch room for midtown office staffs, as a resting place for the tired pedestrians, and as sitting place for some of the parks events like film festivals and fashion shows. This helps generate a lot of funds that help in the daily running of the park. Various events are carried out on the Great Lawn found in this park. There are many film festivals that are shown on different occasions like in the Monday evenings. Various artists conduct their performances with the aim of generating funds for the park. This has indeed become one of the best sources of revenue

Contemporary isssues in Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Contemporary isssues in Marketing - Essay Example etitive business environment, it is evident that global marketing strategies and tactics have significantly evolved and are used intensively within the operations of the business. This is because of the increasing power of the consumers along with their ever-changing demands. This also signifies the evolution of the customers’ oriented business process. This particular approach is adopted with the intention to gain competitive advantages over rivals. In this regard, it is also evident that the technological developments such as the Internet have a major role in the evolution of the business process, thereby attaining competitive advantages (Hackley, 2013). In order to gain competitive advantages, it is notable that the corporate organisations execute several activities that are required for getting the desired level of performances. These activities are considered as ethically and morally valuable for the overall business operations in any sector. Eventually, it leads to social benefit, which indirectly benefits a corporate organisation (Tadajewski, 2004). In this context, the objective of this particular research essay is to consider all these aspects in a comprehensive or illustrative manner. The outcome of the research will subsequently aid the young marketers and others to attain professional developments and organisational growth at the same time. In the modern era of competitive business environment, marketing strategies and tactics of companies has changed significantly. This has considerably led to the evolution of marketing through the involvement of technologies. In this regard, one of the major technological developments in the modern era is evident from the onset of internet technology. Internet technology has led to the improvement of communication among people residing in different parts of the world. This has considerably supported and benefitted the corporate enterprises in gaining a better position for themselves within the marketplace. Through

Analyzing assignment (e.g. advertisement, speech, etc)

Analyzing (e.g. advertisement, speech, etc) - Assignment Example One poet Nick Toczek welcomes the exposure that comes with the use of poetry in advertising and has himself written poetry for advertising use by Prudential, â€Å"Our kids, who've grown and flown the nest, / Now only phone us to request / More cash on loan, their tone depressed† (Hickman 1) The use of poetry in advertising is an approach that allows artistic expression, and reaches a large audience. It is used by advertisers because it is pleasant and easily remembered. It is embraced by many poets and artists because it allows them to promote their work to a much larger audience. As some people say, life is poetry it is rhyme, cadence, and meter. Within reason one could see examples of poetry in every aspect of life, some rough examples, harsh and grating and in other details soft, firm, loving. However, to answer the question directly the reason advertisers use poetry is because it is memorable, expressive and above all human. Hickman, L. (2009). The rise of poetry in adver tising. guardian.co.uk, (p 1), Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/tv-and-radio/2009/dec/02/rise-poetry-in-advertising Zinkhan, George. (1994). From the editor: poetry in advertising. M.E.

I know why the caged bird sings (Author- Maya Angelou) Essay

I know why the caged bird sings (Author- Maya Angelou) - Essay Example Maya related whiteness to beauty since in the society she lived; white people were perceived as beautiful and gorgeous (Angelou, 14). Similarly, in the real world, many black skinned individuals go for the option of using bleaching chemicals to make their skins white believing that they would look good. In chapter 1, Maya describes her stay in the south as putting a razor to one’s throat because of being a black girl. She went through hard times since racism was rampant at the time (Angelou, 10). Many issues are brought out in because of racism such as frustration, embarrassment, and disillusionment. She felt that black people were not seen as full Americans, and her alienation with her people made her feel displaced and unwanted. In relating to the real world scenario, racism still exists, and many black Americans feel that they are displaced in their own country (Angelou, 3). For this reason, black Americans and other minor races living in America, are discriminated; hence, do not share the country’s resources equally. In chapter 7, Momma was scared of speaking rudely and harshly to the white people. She could only do this while generically referring to the whites as ‘they’. Maya further refers Momma as a realist rather than a coward in the society for this reason (Angelou, 18). Relating to the scenario to real world it is true that some black Americans are oppressed and forced to believe that whites are superior in the society. They believe that high ranks in the government are only for

You Shall Know Our Velocity by Dave Eggers Essay Example for Free

You Shall Know Our Velocity by Dave Eggers Essay Every person undergoes difficulty in life. Experiences in life may cause troubles in our way of thinking and sometimes even affects our principles. In the novel, â€Å"You Shall Know Our Velocity† by Dave Eggers, the character of Will Chmlielewski experienced difficulty in the form of losing his friend (Jack) and being beaten. He intended to help Jack with the large amount of money that he got but no avail. It was hard not to be able to do something to avoid the death of a friend especially when you are very much willing to do anything in your power to shun it. Nobody couldn’t blame Will for feeling lost and hurt. Because of his hurt and disappointment, he felt that the money in his hands was a burden that he had to get rid of it as quick as he possible. Will together with his other friend Hand went to different countries to give away the money supposedly intended to save their friend Jack. They thought that when they give away the money to people who need it, they will somehow help in restoring hope to people’s perception. The two realized along the way that it is not easy to give away just like that. People have to earn their blessings or the help that they receive. Both the giver and the receiver should exert effort in achieving humanity. If people like Will and Hand will just give away money without any particular reason or purpose, there is a very huge possibility that others may take advantage of them or worse, even rob them. In real life, it feels good to be able to help without anything in return. However, even with the purest intentions, one should always be on the look out against abusive people. The effort of generosity and humanity might be put to waste if people who need it don’t receive it because of the people who take advantage of it. There is no doubt that everybody needs help in one way or another. Not all help are material in nature; some need emotional help. So what should be done to make sure that the one that you’re helping deserves your care? The simple answer is – let him earn it. Earning it has different ways. May it be proving that he is trustworthy or showing his sincerity. The novel is a fiction. Nevertheless, the gestures of Will and Hand in the novel would bring relief to a lot of people if they were true. Some may find their deeds crazy, but it’s touching. They didn’t contain themselves in rendering help only in their town. They rather took time to travel around the world to spread it. The amount of money that they were giving away isn’t an issue. What’s important is the message that they trying to convey by their actions. No matter how desperate and hopeless you are, your unpleasant experiences shouldn’t be a hindrance in the distribution of happiness, hope and love. One’s own frustrations, desperations and sorrows may become a tool in getting over the same things. It’s just a matter of seeing the light side of it. When you know that it is difficult to be unhappy, share happiness. Eventually, you yourself will feel grace. People have different ways in comforting themselves and getting out of a difficult situation. Some people act crazy, some stay inside their rooms and mourns until they dry their tears from crying and some focus their attention to something that will keep them busy. Will and Hand chose to be crazy but humane. Their means may look crazy but their intention is good. They give relief to people’s misery and needs which in turn give them satisfaction and medium to get rid of their sorrow. The meaning of the novel is very deep. The characters and gestures of Will and Hand may seem comical satires but a close look at their temperaments shows good heart. Their adventures different cultures and how they managed to get along with them even with their ignorance. Ultimately, the author wants to show that even in a modern time like ours, humanity is still alive.

Relationship Between Management And Leadership Management Essay

Relationship Between Management And Leadership Management Essay 1.1: Explain the relationship between management and leadership. Management and leadership, these two terms are often used interchangeably; management is more usually viewed as getting things done through other people in order to achieve organizational goals. The managers may react to specific situations and more concerned with short term problem solving. Management is regarded as related to people working in a structured organization and with prescribed roles. The emphasis of leadership is on interpersonal behaviour in a broader sense. Belbin (1997, p 98) suggests that, there is a clear implication that leadership is not part of the job but quality that can be brought to a job à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The work that leadership encompasses in the context clearly is not assigned but comes about spontaneously. Leadership is one of the many assets of a successful manager which they must have. A leader can be a manager but it is not necessary that a manager must be a leader. The most important aim of a manager is to maximize the organizational output through managerial performance. But leader always seeks new possibilities and understand new possibilities in organization. Most of the workgroups are more loyal to leaders than managers. According to John P. Kotter (1999, p 67), All the managers must know that how to lead as well as manage. Because in this era, organizations may face the threat of loss if their managers do not know how to lead as well as manage. Organizations hire managers and give formal authority to manage people and other activities to fulfil organizational goals. Employees gladly follow the leaders because they want to, not because they have to. Leaders may not have the power to give rewards to the people. However, employees give power to the leaders by fulfilling what they want. On the other hand, managers may rely on formal authority to get employees to complete goals. Management, by its very nature, is challenging, precise, detailed and involves specific and usually, timed, actions.   Leadership, on the other hand,  requires a much broader sense and involves aligning, goal-setting, vision-sharing, inspiration and an inherent lack of any time criticality.  Good management includes aspects of good leadership and good leadership includes aspects of good management.   A leader devoid of management skill and a manager lacking any leadership capability will  each fail.  From my point of view, management is a science and can be learned. Leadership, however, is an art. While some  of the  capabilities necessary to being a great leader can be acquired over time, much of what makes  terrific  leaders great is inborn or, at the very least, was learned much earlier in life.   A successful organisation  cannot exist without both strong leadership and great management.   Over time, an organization will need to expand its team of managers to keep up with  its increasing number of deliverables.   The leadership team, however, will grow at a much slower rate or, perhaps, not at all.   Too many leaders, like too many chefs, will really foul things up. Despite a continuing debate on differences between management and leadership, there is a close relationship between them and it is not easy to separate them as distinct activities. 1.2: Analyse how management and leadership style impacts on the achievement of the objectives of your chosen organisation. Leadership in Nokia As the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Nokia Group, Jorma Ollila has very high educational background, he earned a masters degree in political science from the University of Helsinki, a masters degree in economics from the London School of Economics and a masters degree in science from the Helsinki University of Technology. In 1995, he was awarded an honorary doctorate degree in political science from the University of Helsinki, and in 1998, an honorary doctorate degree in technology from the Helsinki University of Technology. As a worldwide successful leader, he is an expert in the information and communications technology industry, he has plenty experience in this area. He does not only serve for Nokia, he also serves on the boards of Ford Motor Company, Otava Books and Magazines Group Ltd and UPM-Kymmene Corporation. Besides these, he is also a member of several professional organizations in the information and communications technology industry. Jorma has earned the worldwide respect. He is an Honorary Citizen of Beijing, China, and holds the Commanders Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland and the Federal Republic of Germany; the Order of Merit of the Hungarian Republic; and the Officers Cross, Order of White Star, Estonia. He is Commander of the Order of Orange-Nassau and Commander, 1st Class, of the Order of the White Rose of Finland. Jorma has led Nokias reinvent as a company that sets the benchmark for mobile communications. As CEO he presented an ambitious strategy that successfully restructured the former industrial conglomerate and accelerated its growth into one of the most successful companies in both the mobile phone and telecommunications infrastructure markets. Under his leadership, Nokia has achieved global market leadership and is listed on six major exchanges. Jorma has his distinctive leadership; he concerns both employees and employees tasks. He provides equal opportunities and openness towards people and peoples new ideas are also key elements he wants to nourish. Employees are encouraged to be responsible for their own development and to take advantage of the various development opportunities available He encourages his employees to open discussion and debate, We listen to the views of our employees and act on them when designing our people policies and practices Jorma said. He also set up the investing-in-people program (IIP), which is a coaching and training program for the employees; such programs are very much focus on develop the managers. He provides the flexible working time to the employees; depending on the local market conditions, employees may take advantage of flexi time including flexible working hours and part-time working. Furthermore, Nokia has very good welfare service for the employees, and very good working environme nt. Moreover, he was also concerned about employees tasks. The concept of Nokia value is a guideline for the employees, wherever they are in the world. In order to encourage employees to working hard on the tasks, Nokia has Bonus system, which based on the employees working result. By applying the 360-Degree Feedback analysis, we can see that Jorma is a successful charming leader, who has achieved a high level of self-knowledge. He has the ability to motivate his employees, and very persistence on his career. He owns plenty leaderships, he know is business very well, and set clear performance to the employees. Besides, he is respected in the worldwide. Task 2: Understand management and leadership skills 2.1: Explain the personal and professional skills required for effective management of your chosen organisation. Leadership Requirements / Needs/ Skills: Leadership, as defined by most dictionaries, means to go before, or with, to show the way; to induce. Every organization needs a leader (and preferably several leaders) to show the way to others as the organization strives to define and achieve its goals. Whether these goals are entrepreneurial or humanitarian or both the leaders work is to instill a sense of purpose and passion to the work that the organization undertakes. Identifying, developing and sustaining leadership within the organization must be one of its strategic objectives. Without leaders at every level of organization, the organization may well under-perform. It may miss strategic opportunities, stifle innovation, underutilize its employees, and fall short of its goals in customer service, quality, productivity, and profitability. Russell Consulting, Inc. can guide an organization in identifying and developing its leaders. Organizations also help to develop the key competencies that will help develop and sustain leadership, but also sustain your companys long-term success. Leadership at every level makes all of the difference as to whether the company will be around for the long haul. Companies should invest in leadership today to sustain their success for tomorrow and beyond. The Proposed Competencies of Leadership to be develepoed at RCI: RCI has been developing leaders in its client organizations since 1987. It has designed and developed leadership programs that help define an ambitious role for leaders at every level and then build the competencies to fulfill this role. Some of the competencies that RCI has defined as core to the role of leaders include: Strategic Thinking Coaching Problem Solving Decision Making Systems Thinking Delegation Performance Management and Accountability Inspiring a Shared Vision Managing Conflict Building and Sustaining Teamwork Leading Change Quality and Productivity Improvement Servant Leadership Emotional Intelligence Innovation and Creativity Customer Service Employee Development Develop Trust Dealing with Ambiguity 360 degree feedback leadership style Transformational Leadership style Participative Leadership Participative Leadership Skills required by a manager: A perfect manager is a boon for any company. A good manager needs to have a strong knowledge about the functioning of a company. There are few who are born with natural skills where as there are some who need to work their way towards it. So, what are the skills needed to be a good manager? Which are the qualities he/she needs to have in order to ensure a smooth sailing at work? Well, lets look at what makes a good manager and all about corporate leadership. What are the Skills needed to be a Good Manager? A good manager should have all the basic leadership skills. There are various ways in which a person can handle different situations through various leadership roles. A good leader should be able to guide his/her teammates to be able to perform well. Leadership does not mean dominating people. One of the most important skills of a good manager is the knowledge of effective time management. A person who manages to plan the schedule and divide time equally between tasks can be an asset for the organization. A good manager should also have a visionary sight for the benefits of the company. He/she should plan the future steps for the growth of the company. For a team to perform well, a good manager should be able to motivate the team for their tasks. He/she should encourage talents. In case of people with low performances, he/she should tackle the situation with professionalism to reach a positive conclusion. Even in a crisis situation, a person with good managerial skills should be able to perform well. He/she should be mentally tough to handle any kind of situations. He/she should also be responsible enough to maintain a good office atmosphere. A manager should be sensitive towards others in the workplace. A happy atmosphere would only lead to more productivity for the company. With these skills, a person can definitely strive to be a good manager and thus be an asset for any organization! 2.2: Compare any four (4) skills and attributes of three (3) successful leaders you know. LEADERSHIP OF JORMA OLLILA Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Nokia Group, Jorma Ollila has very high educational background expert in the information and communications technology industry, he has plenty experience in this area Jorma has his distinctive leadership; he concerns both employees and employees tasks. He provides equal opportunities and openness towards people and peoples new ideas are also key elements he wants to nourish. We listen to the views of our employees and act on them when designing our people policies and practices Jorma said. He provides the flexible working time to the employees; depending on the local market conditions, employees may take advantage of flexi time including flexible working hours and part-time working. he was also concerned about employees tasks. LEADERSHIP OF REYMIN ZHANG His leadership is more task-orientated He set up a very clear and straightforward goal for his employees, and renews the companys regulations In order to achieve companys goal to build up the international brand, he divided the tasks to each department in a very specific way. He attaches importance to the employees recruitment, he recruits thousand of new blood every year, additionally, he have very close contact with the well known universities, 15% of his employees were signed contract with Hair when in the last year in the university. 2.3: Assess the expected impact of your own leadership styles on your work How Leadership Can Affect Change In An Organization: The leadership of an organization provides the direction and guidance for the future and can create an environment for growth or destruction dependent on the leadership style and technique that is utilized.    It is inevitable that there will be changes in an organization, whether it is related to downsizing, economic issues or location changes; these are just a few of the current changes that are being dealt with nation-wide.    The leadership of an organization sets the tone and process for others to follow during change.    Decisions that are made and the actions of the leadership mandate what the future holds for an organizations employees. Leaders have different traits that are inherent in their management techniques, those traits can be magnified during change and can help or hinder their leadership opportunities.    During organizational change, goals are set and a leader must possess the aptitude to help employees reach those goals.    A study by R.M. Stogdill discovered that the conception of a leader was someone who acquired status by showing the ability helps a group attain its goals (Yukl, 10.2.1, 2010).    Related to that study, it was noted that relevant traits included intelligence, alertness to the needs of others, understanding of the task, initiative and persistence in dealing with problems, self-confidence, and desire to accept responsibility and occupy a position of dominance and control in leaders (Yukl, 10.2.1, 2010).    Not all traits are universal, as noted by the study by Stogdill (Yukl, 2010), but the relevant traits appear to be found in many leaders.    Self-confidence is a powerful tra it for a leader to possess, but excessive self-confidence can make a leader overly optimistic about the likely success of a risky venture, and it may result in rash decisions and denial of evidence that a plan is flawed. A small company had been acquired by a larger firm. With this, the current leader had been let go and a new leader was appointed to take charge. Anticipate and Prepare-Being acquired by a larger firm may bring more awareness to a company or provide better benefits, but several cons may get in the way at first. During a transition period, many employees are sometimes left without a job, or have decided to move on to other things in the wake of unsatisfied changes. It was no different when a well-liked president of the company was phased out due to financial setbacks. The firm took a lengthy process to make a move until finally appointing an internal employee to serve as the interim president. Left with a lot of the dirty work, the new leader immediately went to work and restored and initiated productivity with his employees. His biggest attribute was that he was prepared for this new role before he was even appointed as the new president. His natural work ethic had already groomed him for charismatic leadership and when the opportunity for advancement came, he wasted no time in taking charge and continuing the work. Likewise, a strategic leader will be able to pick up the pieces and restore work productivity regardless of a drastic change. Being the cheerleader and still an enforcer, Teams leaders are versatile figures held accountable for their employees work performance. Get positioned for the future- A team leaders major objective is to keep worker performance at a high and encourage improving results that would ultimately lead to a brighter outlook and future. Preparing employees now enables them to do such. Team Leaders have a weekly, monthly or even yearly report to give so their main motivation would be to constantly focus on the progress and performance of their individuals. In order to maintain and continue a future of positive results, an effective team leader will use strategic planning in his/her strategic management. Mentally, he/she will find ways to encourage employees to perform high to obtain team incentives, but will also encourage strategic planning at the individual level. Training employees to strategically plan in their prospective territories will alleviate the leader with multiple responsibilities and generate a more productive outcome in the work area. With a focus on the individual employee, a team leader will have the power t o influence his/her employees to control their progress and look towards a better outcome. One department is flourishing with work productivity, while one department is far behind. Focus on the right energies- In a business world where deadlines are demanding and profits are important, companies and their leaders will hold work productivity as a high priority. A strategic leader will observe less than optimum circumstance and move quickly to create beneficial change. Saving time by focusing only on the right energies will help a company profit. For example, an employee serves in two departments, splitting duties between each. It is evident that his/her skills are stronger in research and development rather than in the sales department. A strategic leader may see more value in changing this employees role to work in this stronger area of expertise. At the same time, a strategic leader will realize that this employee may be able to provide unique insight across both functions that others can not. Strategic leaders will observe these situations quickly and waste no time in shifting employees to areas where both the individual and organizations can benefit the most . These glimpses give you some helpful scenarios of how strategic leadership can be applied in your work environment. Should you have any future problems with work productivity, profits or even issues with your employees, address those concerns with some professional guidance and youll discover how an investment in your team will result is bottom line results. Task 3: Be able to apply theory in an organisational context 3.1: Select four (4) appropriate theories of management and leadership to identify leadership requirements in given situations in your chosen organisation 1. Trait Theories: Similar in some ways to Great Man theories, trait theories assume that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership. Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders. If particular traits are key features of leadership, then how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders? This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership. 2. Contingency Theories: Contingency theories of leadership focus on particular variables related to the environment that might determine which particular style of leadership is best suited for the situation. According to this theory, no leadership style is best in all situations. Success depends upon a number of variables, including the leadership style, qualities of the followers and aspects of the situation. 3. Situational Theories: Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variables. Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making. 4. Behavioral Theories: Behavioural theories of leadership are based upon the belief that great leaders are made, not born. Rooted in behaviourism, this leadership theory focuses on the actions of leaders not on mental qualities or internal states. According to this theory, people can learn to become leaders through teaching and observation. 5. Participative Theories: Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account. These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process. In participative theories, however, the leader retains the right to allow the input of others. The Advantages of Emerging Leadership Theories During the first half of the 20th century, leadership theories focused on traits and skills that were inherent in leaders and assumed that leaders were born, not made. Around 1960, new theories of leadership were developed that considered the impact of followers and tasks on leader effectiveness. These emerging styles, also called modern or current styles, include contingency models, situational and transformational leadership. Predictability Flexibility with Precision Lasting Motivation with Better Results The Advantages of Participative Leadership Theories Participative leadership theories encourage participation from employees on the decision-making process with organizational management. Sometimes the democratic style of leadership allows the employees to give suggestions on how a corporation operates and on decisions that facilitate change. Advantages of the participative theories include better employer and employee relationships, the discovery of future leaders, motivation, team spirit and employee productivity. Team Spirit Employee Productivity Motivation Employer/Employee Relationships Future Leadership Discovery 4.2: Plan the development of management and leadership skills for a given job role in your chosen organization. 4.3 Make justified evaluations of the management and leadership development methods selected in 4.2 above Plan the development of management and leadership skills and evaluation of these skills Strategic leadership is a self-explanatory term, and even when separated, still provides a meaningful definition. A definition of strategic leadership can be summed up as the ability to anticipate, prepare, and get positioned for the future. In past experience, company has been able to pinpoint specific examples of colleagues who have exemplified strategic leadership in their professions. Here are some examples of how strategic leadership is essential to a work environment. A small company had been acquired by a larger firm. With this, the current leader had been let go and a new leader was appointed to take charge. Anticipate and Prepare-Being acquired by a larger firm may bring more awareness to a company or provide better benefits, but several cons may get in the way at first. During a transition period, many employees are sometimes left without a job, or have decided to move on to other things in the wake of unsatisfied changes. It was no different when a well-liked president of the company was phased out due to financial setbacks. The firm took a lengthy process to make a move until finally appointing an internal employee to serve as the interim president. Left with a lot of the dirty work, the new leader immediately went to work and restored and initiated productivity with his employees. His biggest attribute was that he was prepared for this new role before he was even appointed as the new president. His natural work ethic had already groomed him for charismatic leadership and when the opportunity for advancement came, he wasted no time in taking charge and continuing the work. Likewise, a strategic leader will be able to pick up the pieces and restore work productivity regardless of a drastic change. Being the cheerleader and still an enforcer, Teams leaders are versatile figures held accountable for their employees work performance. Get positioned for the future- A team leaders major objective is to keep worker performance at a high and encourage improving results that would ultimately lead to a brighter outlook and future. Preparing employees now enables them to do such. Team Leaders have a weekly, monthly or even yearly report to give so their main motivation would be to constantly focus on the progress and performance of their individuals. In order to maintain and continue a future of positive results, an effective team leader will use strategic planning in his/her strategic management. Mentally, he/she will find ways to encourage employees to perform high to obtain team incentives, but will also encourage strategic planning at the individual level. Training employees to strategically plan in their prospective territories will alleviate the leader with multiple responsibilities and generate a more productive outcome in the work area. With a focus on the individual employee, a team leader will have the power t o influence his/her employees to control their progress and look towards a better outcome. One department is flourishing with work productivity, while one department is far behind. Focus on the right energies- In a business world where deadlines are demanding and profits are important, companies and their leaders will hold work productivity as a high priority. A strategic leader will observe less than optimum circumstance and move quickly to create beneficial change. Saving time by focusing only on the right energies will help a company profit. For example, an employee serves in two departments, splitting duties between each. It is evident that his/her skills are stronger in research and development rather than in the sales department. A strategic leader may see more value in changing this employees role to work in this stronger area of expertise. At the same time, a strategic leader will realize that this employee may be able to provide unique insight across both functions that others can not. Strategic leaders will observe these situations quickly and waste no time in shifting employees to areas where both the individual and organizations can benefit the most . These glimpses give you some helpful scenarios of how strategic leadership can be applied in your work environment. Should you have any future problems with work productivity, profits or even issues with your employees, address those concerns with some professional guidance and youll discover how an investment in your team will result is bottom line results. How Leadership Can Affect Change In An Organization: How Leadership Can Affect Change in an Organization The leadership of an organization provides the direction and guidance for the future and can create an environment for growth or destruction dependent on the leadership style and technique that is utilized.    It is inevitable that there will be changes in an organization, whether it is related to downsizing, economic issues or location changes; these are just a few of the current changes that are being dealt with nation-wide.    The leadership of an organization sets the tone and process for others to follow during change.    Decisions that are made and the actions of the leadership mandate what the future holds for an organizations employees. Leaders have different traits that are inherent in their management techniques, those traits can be magnified during change and can help or hinder their leadership opportunities.    During organizational change, goals are set and a leader must possess the aptitude to help employees reach those goals.    A study by R.M. Stogdill discovered that the conception of a leader was someone who acquired status by showing the ability helps a group attain its goals (Yukl, 10.2.1, 2010).    Related to that study, it was noted that relevant traits included intelligence, alertness to the needs of others, understanding of the task, initiative and persistence in dealing with problems, self-confidence, and desire to accept responsibility and occupy a position of dominance and control in leaders (Yukl, 10.2.1, 2010).    Not all traits are universal, as noted by the study by Stogdill (Yukl, 2010), but the relevant traits appear to be found in many leaders.    Self-confidence is a powerful tra it for a leader to possess, but excessive self-confidence can make a leader overly optimistic about the likely success of a risky venture, and it may result in rash decisions and denial of evidence that a plan is flawed. CONCLUSION   In conclusion, The process of accessing a persons leadership ability is a complex and often a difficult task; different leaders has different leadership style, there are many factors influence them on their leadership, such as the personal characteristics, the situation they have involved, and also the people need to manage, etc. Jorma have a very people-oriented style of leadership, he concern about his subordinate; conversely, Reymin is a more product-oriented leader, he paid big attention on the employees task more them employee themselves. There many leadership models can be adopted to analyze those two leader, but there are three most suitable models have been adopted, whatever the models have been used, it is all exactly reflect Jorma and Reymins personal leadership style.

Environmental Impacts of Batteries

Environmental Impacts of Batteries Introduction: In this report we plan to research, compare and analyse the different types, manufacturers and environmental impacts of batteries so as to determine whether or not there is one battery that is superior to the rest and if so, how it is superior. In order to do this, however, we must first understand more about batteries. Therefore, we will first investigate how a battery works, as well as primary and secondary cells and recharge and discharge cycles. Research must also be done into the different manufactures of batteries within South Africa. Once we have a fuller understanding of the basics, we will be able to analyse in more detail the characteristics of different types of batteries, in this case focusing on the most popular ones. We will also look into how these batteries impact the environment whether it is in a positive or negative way and how we can properly dispose of these batteries so as to reduce any harm they may inflict, both on the environment and humankind. What is a Battery? A battery consists of a multiple number of electrochemical cells linked together, which converts chemical energy to electrical energy by means of self-sustaining spontaneous electrode reactions in order to produce an electrical current when connected to a closed circuit. Each electrochemical cell comprises of two half cells which contain an electrode and an electrolyte. The two half cells are connected by a salt bridge in order to create ionic contact for the two electrolytes for the free movement of ions and to prevent the electrolytes from mixing in the case of two different solutions being used, which would cause unwanted side reactions. An example of a salt bridge would be a strip of filter paper which has been soaked in a solution of potassium nitrate. Other means of separation of electrolytes include the use of gel solutions and porous pots. In the majority of modern, commercial batteries, a different electrolyte is used in each half cell, and to prevent mixing, a porous separator is used which only allows the passing through of ions. The electrolyte of the two half cells is a solution which is capable of conduction of electricity due to the presence of free negatively and positively charged ions. In one of the half cells, positively charged ions (cations) are attracted to the cathode (positive electrode); while in the other half cell, negatively charged ions (anions) are attracted to the anode (negative electrode). In the redox reactions which cause the conversion from chemical energy to electrical energy, oxidation (loss of electrons) occurs at the anode to the negatively charged electrons; and reduction (gain of electrons) occurs at the cathode to the positively charged electrons. Illustration of a Redox reaction The electrochemical cell produces an electromotive force (emf) and is the difference in voltage between the two electrodes. For example, if the one electrodes voltage is 3V and the other electrodes voltage is 1V, the net emf of the cell is 2V. Primary and Secondary Cells: Batteries are classified into two main groups: Primary batteries irreversibly convert chemical energy to electrical energy (once the initial supply of reactants has been used up, the electrochemical reaction cannot be reversed by inducing an electrical current and thus the energy cannot be restored to the cell). Secondary batteries can be recharged by reversing the electrochemical reaction by inducing an electrical current. Primary Cell: A primary cell is any type of battery of which the chemical reactions are irreversible the chemical reactants cannot be restored and thus a primary cell has to be discarded once it is depleted. Primary batteries come into use for when long periods of time in storage are needed as a primary batteries are constructed to have lower self-discharge rates than secondary batteries, so all of the capacity is available when in need for useful purposes. Devices that require a small amount of current for a long period of time also use primary batteries as the self-discharge current of secondary batteries would exceed the load current and cut down service time to a few days or weeks (eg, a torch must work when needed, even if it has been on a shelf for a considerably long period of time. Primary cells are also more cost-efficient in such a case, since secondary batteries would use only a small percentage of available recharge cycles. Reserve batteries are capable of achieving a very long storage time (ten years or more) without the loss of capacity, by physically separating the components of the battery and only assembling them again at times of use. However, such batteries are expensive. When in use, primary batteries become polarized (hydrogen builds up at the cathode and in turn reduces the effectiveness of the battery. In order to remove the hydrogen, a depolarizer is used. Depolarizers can be mechanical, chemical, or electrochemical. Although previous attempts have been made to create self-depolarizing cells by roughening the surface area of the copper plate to encourage the hydrogen bubbles to detach, they have had a large failure rate. Examples of primary cells: Alkaline cell Aluminium cell Lithium cell Mercury cell Zinc-carbon cell Secondary batteries: A secondary battery is cell of which the chemical reactions can be reversed and therefore energy can be restored to the cell. This is done by connecting the cell to an electrical current. The electricity initiates non-spontaneous redox reactions in order to restore the chemical reactants. Secondary cells, when purchased, could not be used immediately and would have to be recharged before use. Although today, most secondary cells are created with lower self-discharge rates, allowing the purchaser to use the battery immediately as the battery already holds about 70% of the stated capacity. The energy used in charging secondary batteries mainly comes from AC current using an adapter unit. Many battery chargers take several hours to recharge a battery. Most batteries are capable of being recharged in a much smaller amount of time than what most commercial, simple battery chargers are capable of. Although a few companies are producing chargers that are able to recharge AA and AAA size NiMH batteries in just 15 minutes, high rates of charging (15 minutes to 1 hour) will cause long term damage to NiMH and most other rechargeable batteries. Secondary batteries are susceptible to damage by means of reverse charging if they are fully discharged. Also, attempting to recharge primary batteries possesses a small chance of causing an explosion of the battery. Flow batteries, which are not commonly used by consumers, are recharged by replacing the electrolyte liquid of the cell(s). The technical notes of battery companies often refer to VPC. VPC means volts per cell, and refers to the individual secondary cells making up the battery (eg, to charge a 12V battery which contains six cells of 2V each at 2.3 VPC, needs a voltage of 13.8V across the terminals of the battery). Most NiMH AA and AAA batteries rate their cells at 1.2V. However, this is not a relatively large problem in most devices as alkaline batteries voltage drops as the energy is expended. Most devices are constructed to continue to operate at a reduced voltage between 0.9V and 1.1V. Industrial secondary cells are used in grid energy storage applications for load leveling, where electrical energy is stored and is used for the duration of peak load periods, as well as for renewable energy purposes such as the storage of electrical energy which has been generated from photovoltaic arrays (solar panels) during the day to be used in the evening. By recharging cells or batteries during periods when demand for power is low and then returning the energy to the system (or grid) during periods when the demand for power is high, load-leveling aids to eliminate needs for extremely expensive power plants and also eases the cost of generators over a greater period of operation. Discharge and Recharge Cycles in Batteries: Recharge and discharge cycles The purpose of a cell is to store energy and release it at the given time in a contained manner; however, only secondary cells can be recharged. The electrochemical reaction that occurs in the fluid electrolyte of a wet (secondary) cell is reversible, unlike dry or primary cells; this allows the charge to be restored. The three most popular types of rechargeable batteries that are found today are nickel-based (NiCd NiMH), lithium-ion and lead-based cells. C-rate C-rate is the measurement of the charge and discharge current of a cell. Almost all transportable cells are rated at 1 Coulomb (1C). This means that a 1000mAh battery, if discharged at 1C, would give 1000mA for one hour. The same applies if the discharge was halved (0.5C) this would provide half the amount of current (500mA) for twice the duration (2 hours). A 1C cell is referred to as an hour discharge, the most common portable cell we have is the 20-hour Lead-based discharge cells (0.05C) found in cars. Lead-Acid Cells The C-rate of a lead-acid cell is not set to a constant like other cells, as achieving 100% capacitance at any discharge rate is difficult. The offset is done in order to compensate for the varying measurements at the differing currents; automatically adjusting the capacity of the cell is discharged at a higher/lower C-rate than originally thought. Portable lead-based cells are rated at 0.05C given a 20-hour discharge. The offset is represented in Peukerts law. Peukerts law: represents the capacitance of a lead-acid cell in terms of C-rate. As the rate of discharge increases, the batterys available capacity decreases and vice-versa. Fast and slow discharging/recharging of a lead-acid cell At the beginning of when a lead-acid cell is charged or discharged, the chemicals present in the acid electrolyte at the point between the positive and negative electrodes (the interface) are affected. The change in these chemicals, results in a charge that is formed at the interface. This interface charge eventually spreads throughout the active material in the volume. Fast charging a completely discharged cell for a couple of minutes causes the charge to develop near the interface of the battery, when left for duration of time (Â ± a couple of hours) the charge spreads throughout the volume of the cell, meaning the interface charge of the cell is too low for the cell to actually function. Likewise, if the cell is discharged quickly it will appear to be dead but it has only lost its interface charge. Meaning after a few minutes wait, it should be able to function. If the battery is charged slowly, over a long duration of time, then it will become more fully charged (than that of a fast charge). This is as a result of the interface charge having more time to redistribute itself into the volume of the electrodes and acid electrolyte, as well as itself (the interface charge) being recharged. In addition, if the cell is being discharged slowly, then when the battery appears to be has died it most likely has been fully discharged. Depth of discharge of Lead-acid batteries The depth of discharge (DOD) of a cell is the percentage of the batterys current that it is discharged per hour. The optimum temperature a battery should be charged/discharged is around 25Â °C (77Â °F), anything higher and up until 50Â °C (122Â °F), is tolerable. The cycle life of lead-acid batteries is exactly proportional to the depth of its discharges. Â ±200 cycles after battery discharged fully (100% DOD) Â ±500 cycles after battery partial discharge (50% DOD) 1000+ cycles after battery shallowly discharged (DOD) Lead-acid batteries are charged not be discharged over 1.75V/cell, nor should it be stored in a discharged state. The cells of a discharged lead-acid sulfate, a condition that renders the battery useless if left in that state for a few days. Always keep the open terminal voltage at 2.10V and higher. Charge and discharging of lithium- ion cells Discharging Lithium-ion batteries only works within the temperature limit of -20Â °C to 60Â °C (-4Â °F to 140Â °F). The chemical reaction is reversed within the battery and the current flow is carried from the negative to the positive electrode by the movement of Li+ ions, through the non-aqueous electrolyte. The cycle life of lithium-ion batteries is directly related to the batterys depth of discharge, the higher the capacity of discharge, the less number of cycles it can go through. Charging Lithium-ion cells requires an external electrical power source (charger) that applies a higher voltage but of equal difference (normally 4.05V/cell) to that developed by the batterys own chemistry. This causes the current to flow in the opposite direction, meaning the lithium ions migrate from the cathode to the anode, and they become intercalated in the porous electrode material of the cell, thereby replenishing its charge. Charge and discharge cycles in nickel- based batteries (NiCd NiMH) The reliability as well as longevity of Nickel-based batteries hinges, predominantly, on the quality of the charger. Nickel- based cells should always remained cool when being charged as elevated temperatures shortens battery life. A rise in temperature cannot be avoided due to the chemical reaction in the nickel-based cells, yet in order to be charged properly the spike in temperature has to be as short as possible. If the temperature of the battery remains higher than room temperature for an ample amount of time, the battery should be removed, as it is not being charged correctly Nickel-based batteries can be charged at several different rates using a variety of chargers: Slow charger of nickel- based cells take between 14-16 hours at a fixed charge of 0.1C (1/10 of nickel cells 1C capacity) this however causes crystalline formation within the cell, this causes the subsequent drop in voltage at that point in its charge cycle where recharging began, as if the cell is being discharged Rapid Charger of nickel-based cells takes between 3-6 hours to fully charge, this charger switches the cell to trickle charge (charging with a very small current) when it is ready. Fast charger of nickel-based cells takes approximately one hour to charge the battery; this is the preferred way to charge nickel-based cells as it reduces crystalline formation or memory within the battery however, the battery is at a higher risk of overcharging, which can damage the battery. However all new Nickel-based batteries should be trickle-charged for a day before being used as this ensures that all cells are equally charged within the battery. Nickel Metal-hydride batter The charging voltage of NiMH ranges between 1.4-1.6 V/cell fully charged and 1.25 V/cell during discharge, down to about 1.0-1.1 V/cell Nickel cadmium battery The charging voltage of NiCd is between 1.3 -1.4V per cell when fully charged and about 0.8-1 V when discharged If the nickel-based batteries are discharged at a rate higher than 1c, the end of discharge point is lower than 0.9V a cell. This compensates for the voltage drop at higher temperatures induced by the internal resistance of the cell also other factor which contribute to the drop (iring, contact etc) the lower point produces better capacity readings for the nickel-based cells when discharging at lower temperatures. South African companies that manufacture batteries The Willard Battery Company is a fully owned South African company that manufactures motor vehicle batteries and is located in Roodepoort, Port Elizabeth. The main types of cell they manufacture are SLI lead-acid batteries for use in powering the starter motor, lights, and the ignition system of a cars engine. First National battery is a battery manufacturer that came about after the merger of four smaller battery-manufacturing companies (First national battery, Raylight, Oldham and Chloride). Their main products are SLI lead-acid batteries used in vehicles (passenger and commercial), mono-block lead-alloy batteries used in railways, lead-alloy cells (deep-cycle, RR, tubular and Solar) used for as standby reserve batteries in marine vehicles and as well solar batteries. Deltec Power Distributors is a South African distributor of a wide variety local and internationally produced high quality Lead-calcium car batteries and standalones, since 1979. SABAT Batteries is part of Powertech Batteries, a branch of the Altron Group South Africa. SABATSs main operations include the manufacture and distribution of lead-acid cells, low-maintenance hybrid lead-calcium cells, and maintenance-free calcium and normal calcium batteries Dixon Premium batteries is South African company founded in 1953 and is based in Vereeninging Johannesburg. Their main product is a 12-volt SMF lead-acid cell for use in motor (and/or other) vehicles. Free Start Power is a Local company that manufactures SLI lead-acid batteries for the use in vehicles (commercial, passenger and aquatic) The Most Popular Types of Battery: The three most common and more popularly used types of batteries are the lithium-ion battery (examples are in notebook computers and medical devices), nickel-based batteries (such as in two way-radios and power-tools in the nickel-cadmium battery and laptop computers and mobile phones in the nickel-metal-hydride battery), and of course the lead-acid battery (mostly found in wheelchairs, emergency lighting system and cars). Nickel-cadmium Battery: The nickel-cadmium battery consists of a nickel (III) oxide- hydroxide (Ni(OH)3) plate as the positive electrode (the cathode), a cadmium plate as the negative electrode (the anode) and an alkaline electrolyte usually made from potassium hydroxide (KOH). There is also a separator that isolates the two electrode plates. These are all rolled into a spiral shape and enclosed in a casing using a metal, self-sealing plate (known as the jelly-roll design). This original cell design is what differentiates the nickel-cadmium battery from the older, more traditional alkaline cell. The structure of the nickel-cadmium cell allows more of the electrode to be in contact with the electrolyte, thus lowering the internal resistance of the battery and increasing the maximum current that can be delivered, whereas in the alkaline cell a graphite rod is placed in a casing filled with the electrolyte, resulting in a much smaller area of the electrode being in contact with the electrolyte. In a nickel-cadmium battery, the chemical reactions are as follows: Nickel electrode (cathode): 2NiO(OH) + 2H2O + 2e? 2Ni(OH)2 + 2OH? Cadmium electrode (anode): Cd + 2OH? Cd(OH)2 + 2e? Therefore, the net reaction in the cells of a nickel-cadmium battery is: 2NiO(OH) + Cd + 2H2O 2Ni(OH)2 + Cd(OH)2 When a nickel-cadmium cell is tested on a device such as a cell phone, it typically produces a very low internal resistance: about 155 milli-Ohms (m?). This resistance is largely affected by the state of charge the battery is in. The resistance is highest during two stages: when there is a low charge and immediately after charging. Therefore, the maximum possible current is actually achieved after a period of rest after the battery has been charged, with the internal resistance varying between 100 to 200 milli-Ohms, with the cell emf ranging from 0.0 to 1.3V. Both the maximum current and the capacity of this cell are influenced by the internal resistance. As previously stated, the low resistance means that the nickel-cadmium cell can produce quite a high maximum current. The secondary cells that make up the nickel-cadmium battery each have a capacity of about 1.2 Volts; therefore a standard battery with a 7.2V capacity (6 cell pack) should produce around a 900 mA current without diminishing for a long period of time. This ability of the battery to provide a high current for extended periods makes it one of the most popular battery types. Nickel-metal-hydride Battery: The main (and possibly most distinguishing) difference between the nickel-metal-hydride battery and the nickel-cadmium battery is that the nickel-metal-hydride doesnt use any toxic metals. Where the nickel-cadmium battery uses cadmium to form the hydrogen-absorbing anode, this battery uses an electrode made from a metal-hydride, typically an alloy mixture of Lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, praseodymium and possible other rare-earth elements, as well as a metal that is usually cobalt, nickel, manganese and/or aluminium. This makes the metal-hydride anode an intermetallic compound. Lithium-ion Battery: The lithium-ion battery is one of the newest and fastest developing technologies in the battery world. As this cell was introduced to the public shortly after the nickel-metal-hydride battery, some believe that the nickel-metal-hydride cell was a crucial step in the development of the lithium-ion cell. In a lithium-ion cell, the electrodes (anode and cathode) are made from compounds which lithium can move through. When lithium is moved into the electrode it is called migration; when it moves out it is called extraction. The movement of the lithium, via the electrolyte, between the anode and the cathode depends on whether the cell is charging or discharging. The reason lithium-ion is used instead of lithium metal is that lithium metal is highly unstable when used in the batteries discharge and recharge cycles, making it very unsafe for conventional use. Therefore, this battery is a non-metallic battery. Lead-acid Battery: As the name suggests, this type of battery consists of two substances: Lead and an acid. There are two types of solid lead in the battery which form the two electrodes. The negative electrode (anode) is made from pure lead (Pb) while the positive electrode (cathode) is made from lead dioxide (PbO2). It is important to remember that lead has an oxidation number of 0, while lead dioxide is +4, as it is the change in these numbers due to the reaction in the cells that will cause a flow of electricity. The acid in the battery forms the electrolyte. This acid is the compound Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4), which is also mixed with water (H2O). This acid remains in the ionised form of two H+ protons and an SO42- ion. This is due to the fact that Sulfuric Acid will only lose one of its protons when it comes into contact with the water, saving the other for reaction with the lead on either electrode. When the two electrodes are placed into the electrolyte and the circuit is completed, both electrodes will begin to form a coating of lead sulfate (PbSO4) around the original compound. Therefore, we can draw up the half reactions that define the chemical process in a lead-acid battery. A typical, conventional lead-acid battery consists of a 6V pack, i.e. the battery has 6 cells in it, with each cell having a capacity of 2 Volts (emf is equal to approximately 2.041 V in each cell). The internal resistance depends on the maximum voltage that is currently flowing through the battery. In a fully charged 12.6 Volt lead-acid battery, the internal resistance is about 10 milliohms. This very low resistance results in the high maximum current that the battery can produce. However, unlike the nickel-cadmium battery, it can only produce this current for a very limited amount of time (200 to 300 cycles), after which the current will begin to diminish and internal resistance will begin to increase. The resistance is also affected by the number of cells in the battery, i.e. the more cells, the higher the joint internal resistance. The most common application of the lead-acid battery is the motorcar battery, also known as a lead-acid accumulator. This type of battery (usually 6V or 12V) uses a dynamo to recharge the battery and store energy while the car is turned off, so that it doesnt run flat. The Recycling and Disposal of Battery Components: Chelsey Moubray An electrical battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Where do you use batteries? Batteries form an essential part of everyday life. As consumers, we make regular use of these electrical units to perform a variety of different things. When speaking about small electronic items, batteries are the most common systems that are used to power things such as cameras, cellular phones, watches, laptops, remotes, most flashlights and many other household items. Every car is powered by an electrical car battery that enables mobility and these batteries are considered one of the most important purposes of batteries. Alkaline batteries are used to power these massive car batteries as well as radios, carbon-zinc batteries for childrens play toys and torches. Lithium is mainly used in batteries for things such as your camera, a calculator or your watch but sometimes mercury is also used for these various items. Mercury is also used for hearing aids, which are also powered by silver and zinc batteries. Batteries are a very important component in our day to day lives. To put it simply, they make everything a lot easier for us. Introducing a whole new spectrum of electronic appliances and equipment, we have easier ways to listen to music, know the time, travel faster and even listen without too much difficulty. To execute these functions we need to choose between two types of batteries that are used today; Primary Batteries and Secondary Batteries. A Primary battery is more commonly known as a disposable battery and can be used for portable devices that demand an immediate and direct current when switched on. The advantage for homes is that these batteries are easily accessed but can only be used once and must be thrown away after. The other battery is not only a better option for households but is also a healthier option for the environment*. These Secondary batteries are also know as rechargeable batteries, and must be charged before use. These batteries can be used many times, as they are rechargeable and perform the same job as a Primary battery. In conclusion, we use batteries in many different areas but mainly to power items that are a major part of everyday life. Like we are dependent on our cars and our watches for the time, we are therefore dependent on batteries. They form a large purpose in our lives and must use safely. In order to verify this safety we must learn to dispose of our batteries correctly. How do you dispose of batteries? To begin with, there are few standard procedures that should be followed when dealing with batteries. Never dispose of batteries in a fire source because it is likely that they will explode. Make sure never to place batteries in a group because if they contain even a small amount of power, when banged together they may release a charge that could result in them catching fire which can have devastating results. When it is apparent that a battery can no longer power its appliance, it must be removed immediately because it may leak. And lastly, never place a battery in a pocket because it may burst and cause another leakage. The first step to the adequate disposal of a battery is to place a powerless battery in some sort of container until you can correctly recycle it. Every battery is now considered to be hazardous waste. Because they contain very toxic metals such as Mercury, they have been classified as unsuitable to be thrown away as standard municipal solid waste. Batteries are not to be placed in communal dumps because there is a chance that these toxic metals can have a serious and perpetual effect on the surrounding environment.* Some of the batteries that are required to be accurately disposed of are batteries that can be found in; power tools, mobiles, various monitors, portable lamps, investigative electronic gear, flashlights etc. The new disposal requirement applies to all types and all sizes of batteries, including but not limited to: Alkaline, Nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH), Nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd), Silver button (Ag), Mercury (Hg), sealed lead acid (Pb), Wet lead acid, Carbon-zinc, and Lithium Ion. There are a number of standard alkaline batteries that are not classified as harmful and can be thrown away as regular household waste but it is recommended for the batteries containing lithium, mercuric, oxide, nickel-cadmium, nickel metal hydride and silver oxide to be recycled. Most recycling areas contain a department for electrical batteries but it is best to contact your municipality to find out where most suitable to go. As the renowned Duracell battery company stated, Proven cost-effective and environmentally safe recycling processes are not yet universally available for alkaline batteries. Some communities offer recycling or collections of alkaline batteries- contact your local government for disposal practices in your area. Impact of Batteries: What is the impact of batteries on humankind? Clearly there is both an adamant negative and positive impact of batteries on humankind. The basic positive impact is that everything is a lot easier for humans. There are numerous activities that have been made possible for us through the creation of batteries. For example: Car Batteries: Car batteries have made mobility possible. Without this invention we would never be able to depend on such a reliable, easily accessible and quick form of transport. The introduction of automobiles has made a hugely positive impact on human kind. Monitors: There are various types of monitors that are used today, one of the most common being the standard hospital heart monitor. These monitors are responsible for keeping people alive. As a source of education and examination, these have formed an incredibly vital part of the medical world. Watches: Without batteries we would never have portable clocks that can be used to easily access the time. Although not a compulsory essential, watches have been said to be one of the most important concepts on a small scale. As mentioned in the previous section, there are hundreds of other manufactured electronic creations that have been made possible by the introduction of batteries. These creations have formed a vital part in humankind development over the last few decades. Without the establishment of batteries, the mechanical world would never have progressed and reached the critical level that it has reached. Enabling huge scientific breakthroughs and discoveries, batteries have formed the foundation blocks of our society and continue to enable extensive studies and research. Although batteries have facilitated a large range of discoveries and activities, they also have a negative impact on humankind. One of the most prominent negative impacts is the dependency on electronic appliances. As a embryonic world we have developed over many centuries, beginning with a very rural state and growing into a mechanical industrial world highly dependent of technology. Included in this technology is the battery. As said before, as one of the foundation blocks of society, communities have become largely dependent on batteries for necessities such as transportation and work, but also less essential activities including entertainment and leisure. As a global community we have survived in circumstances far more extreme than today without the help of batteries and futuristic technology, so it is evident that although accommodating, batteries can be considered un